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Two clusters of problems, those solvable by insight and those not requiring insight to solve, have been observed. [12] A person's cognitive flexibility, fluency, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on insight problems, but not on non-insight problems. [12] In contrast, fluid intelligence is mildly predictive of performance on non-insight problems, but not on insight problems. [12] More recent research suggests that rather than insight versus search [ clarification needed], that the subjective feeling of insight varies, with some solutions experienced with a stronger feeling of Aha than others. [13] Emotion [ edit ] a b Davidson, J. E.; Sternberg, R. J. (1 April 1984). "The Role of Insight in Intellectual Giftedness". Gifted Child Quarterly. 28 (2): 58–64. doi: 10.1177/001698628402800203. S2CID 145767981. a b Salvi, Carola; Bricolo, Emanuela; Bowden, Edward; etal. (2016). "Insight solutions are correct more often than analytic solutions". Thinking and Reasoning. 22 (4): 443–60. doi: 10.1080/13546783.2016.1141798. PMC 5035115. PMID 27667960. The Pali word for "insight" is vipassana, which has been adopted as the name of a variety of Buddhist mindfulness meditation. Research indicates that mindfulness meditation facilitates solving of insight problems with dosage of 20minutes. [38] the act or result of understanding the inner nature of things or of seeing intuitively (called noesis in Greek)

Shen, W.; Yuan, Y.; Liu, C.; etal. (2015). "In search of the 'Aha!' experience: Elucidating the emotionality of insight problem-solving". British Journal of Psychology. 107 (2): 281–298. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12142. PMID 26184903. Hadamard, Jacques (1954) [1945]. An essay on the psychology of invention in the mathematical field. New York, N.Y.: Dover Publ. LCCN 54-4731. Insight is a measurable phenomenon in humans, and the mechanisms by which it occurs may well be accessible to species other than our own. Thanks to recent progress in neuroscience and human psychology, we are beginning to clarify the (in some cases subtle) differences that distinguish insight problem solving from other processes. Comparative cognition, however, has so far been limited in its approach. Performance-based setups using technical problems in both birds and mammals have produced highly interesting and suggestive, yet, ambivalent evidence on animal insight (e.g., Heinrich, 1995; Mendes et al., 2007; Bird and Emery, 2009a, b; Laumer et al., 2017, 2018; von Bayern et al., 2018). We are optimistic that accomplishments in neuroscience and human psychology over the past decade can be incorporated into and inspire future comparative cognition studies in their ongoing quest to learn about the capacity for insight in species other than our own. Author Contributions Danek, Amory H.; Fraps, Thomas; von Müller, Albrecht; etal. (2014-12-08). "It's a kind of magic—what self-reports can reveal about the phenomenology of insight problem solving". Frontiers in Psychology. 5: 1408. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01408. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 4258999. PMID 25538658.

Studies based on event-related potentials have so far been able to identify two distinct cognitive processes involved in achieving an insightful event: the breaking down of the impasse (allowing incubation/restructuring) and the formation of new associations prior to the solution ( Luo and Niki, 2003; Luo et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2013; Shen et al., 2018; it is also described as the enlightenment stage by Wallas, 1926). There are a number of theories about insight; no single theory dominates interpretation. [8] Dual-process theory [ edit ]

According to the three-process theory, intelligence plays a large role in insight. [29] Specifically, insight involves three processes that require intelligence to apply them to problems: [29] selective encoding focusing attention on ideas relevant to a solution, while ignoring features that are irrelevant selective combination combining the information previously deemed relevant selective comparison the use of past experience with problems and solutions that are applicable to the current problem and solution Four-stage model [ edit ]Marková, I. S.; Berrios, G. E.; Hodges, J. H. (2004). "Insight into Memory Function". Neurology, Psychiatry & Brain Research. 11: 115–126. AO-M wrote the first draft. AO-M and AA finished the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Funding a b c Subramaniam, Karuna; Kounios, John; Parrish, Todd B.; etal. (1 March 2009). "A Brain Mechanism for Facilitation of Insight by Positive Affect". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 21 (3): 415–432. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21057. PMID 18578603. S2CID 7133900.

The main theoretical proposals to explain insight largely differ with regards to the amount of conscious processing they describe involved in an insightful event. For example, approaches, such as the representational change theory (also called the redistribution theory; ( Ohlsson, 1992, 2011; Knoblich et al., 1999), advocate a completely unconscious redistribution of information ( Knoblich et al., 1999; Ohlsson, 2011), whereas the progress monitoring theory (or criterion for satisfactory progress theory; MacGregor et al., 2001; Chu et al., 2007) proposes insight through a conscious process: searching consciously among a pool of possible solutions during which wrongful presumptions are dropped in favor of a working solution. Harrow, M.; Jobe, T.H.; Faull, R.N. (October 2012). "Do all schizophrenia patients need antipsychotic treatment continuously throughout their lifetime? A 20-year longitudinal study". Psychological Medicine. 42 (10): 2145–55. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712000220. PMID 22340278. S2CID 29641445. a b Segal, Eliaz (1 March 2004). "Incubation in Insight Problem Solving". Creativity Research Journal. 16 (1): 141–48. doi: 10.1207/s15326934crj1601_13. S2CID 145742283.While rodent studies suggest that insight does not require sophisticated cognition, the role of the prefrontal cortex in important insight stages may suggest insightful solutions are more likely to emerge in species that have highly developed and functionally equivalent brain regions ( Shettleworth, 2010, 2012; Call, 2013; Olkowicz et al., 2016; Shen et al., 2018). Bradley, Nigel (2007). Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928196-1. While neurobiology and cognitive psychology embrace insightful solutions achieved by associations learned in the past, comparative cognition tends to exclude associative learning from its notion of insight, which is a misconception as insight can occur through distant or weak associations ( Shettleworth, 2012; Call, 2013). In comparative cognition, insight has occasionally been used as a default explanation upon failing to detect the typical gradual process of associative learning. Ghaemi, S.Nassir (2002). Polypharmacy in Psychiatry. Hoboken: Informa Healthcare. ISBN 978-0-8247-0776-7.